AppointmentNov 1998 · appointed by the president · after Erskine Bowles left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Previously Deputy Chief of Staff and before that Staff Secretary. Clinton named him on October 20, 1998. CBS News reported that day that Bowles would step aside at the end of October. The Christian Science Monitor reported on November 5, 1998 that Podesta was taking the reins that week. The Clinton Library says he was Chief of Staff from November 1998 to January 2001. The White House published a briefing by Chief of Staff John Podesta on January 16, 2001.
AppointmentJan 20, 1997 · appointed by the president · after Leon Panetta left
ResignationOct 1998 · Clinton said on October 20, 1998 that Bowles had stayed much longer than he intended or wanted to and would go home to North Carolina at the end of the month.
Clinton named him on November 8, 1996. As chief of staff-designate he said on December 18, 1996 that the new staff would take over on January 20th.
AppointmentJul 1994 · appointed by the president · after Mack McLarty left
ResignationJan 20, 1997 · Clinton said on November 8, 1996 that Panetta would resign to return to California. Panetta said that it was time to satisfy his heart.
Previously Director of the Office of Management and Budget. The Clinton Library says he was Chief of Staff from July 1994 to January 1997. Erskine Bowles said on December 18, 1996 that the new staff would take over on January 20th.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · appointed by the president · from the start of the term
Moved to another postJul 1994 · Clinton named him Counselor to the President on June 27, 1994. Clinton said the new role would let him spend much more time as the president's personal representative.
Clinton said on June 27, 1994 that Leon Panetta would succeed McLarty. Panetta said on July 12, 1994 that he had not yet formally taken the office and hoped to move officially later that week. No source we checked gives McLarty's first or last day as Chief of Staff.
AppointmentSep 1999 · appointed by the president · after Cheryl Mills left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Previously a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel at the Justice Department. The White House said on August 19, 1999 that she would succeed Ruff and was expected to take up the job at the beginning of September. No source we checked gives her first day.
AppointmentAug 1999 · acting · after Charles Ruff left
HandoverSep 1999 · The White House said on August 19, 1999 that Beth Nolan would succeed Ruff and was expected to take up the job at the beginning of September.
CBS News reported on August 9, 1999 that she had agreed to remain at the White House as acting counsel until a successor to Ruff was named. No source we checked gives her first or last day as acting counsel.
AppointmentFeb 1997 · appointed by the president · after Jack Quinn left
ResignationAug 1999 · CBS News reported on August 9, 1999 that he was returning to private practice.
The White House said on January 7, 1997 that Clinton had announced that Ruff would succeed Jack Quinn as Assistant to the President and Counsel to the President. Clinton said in 2000 that Ruff served as his counsel from 1997 to 1999. No source we checked gives his first or last day.
AppointmentNov 1995 · appointed by the president · after Abner Mikva left
DepartureFeb 1997
Previously Chief of Staff to Vice President Gore. The White House said on September 20, 1995 that Clinton had appointed him Assistant to the President and White House Counsel. The White House said on January 7, 1997 that he was expected to stay on the job until early February. No source we checked gives his first or last day or a reason for leaving.
AppointmentOct 1, 1994 · appointed by the president · after Lloyd Cutler left
ResignationNov 1, 1995 · The White House said on September 20, 1995 that he had chosen to retire and return to private life. Mikva said he was running out of gas, the Houston Chronicle reported.
The White House said on September 20, 1995 that he was appointed White House Counsel on October 1, 1994 and that his retirement would take effect on November 1, 1995.
AppointmentApr 5, 1994 · appointed by the president · after Bernard Nussbaum left
DepartureOct 1, 1994 · Cutler said on March 8, 1994 that he had limited his commitment to a period of months.
His title was Special Counsel to the President. Clinton announced the appointment on March 8, 1994. Cutler told the House that he had been Special Counsel since March 10, 1994 and had performed the duties of Counsel to the President since Nussbaum's resignation took effect at the beginning of April.
Bernard NussbaumJan 20, 1993 — Apr 5, 1994appointed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · appointed by the president · from the start of the term
ResignationApr 5, 1994 · Nussbaum wrote that controversy generated by those who do not understand the role and obligations of a lawyer led him to believe he could best serve the president by returning to private life. Clinton accepted the resignation on March 5, 1994.
His letter set the resignation to take effect on April 5, 1994 to assist an orderly transition in the Counsel's office. No source we checked gives his first day.
AppointmentMar 1999 · appointed by the president · after Ann Lewis left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The White House announced on March 10, 1999 that Clinton had appointed her Assistant to the President and Communications Director. No source we checked gives her first day.
AppointmentAug 1997 · appointed by the president · after Don Baer left
Moved to another postMar 1999 · The White House named her Counselor to the President on March 10, 1999.
Clinton announced on January 10, 1997 that he would appoint her Assistant to the President and Deputy Communications Director. The National Archives lists her as Deputy Director of Communications in 1997 and Director of Communications from 1997 to 1999. The White House listed her as Director of Communications on December 2, 1997. The White House named her Counselor on March 10, 1999 and said she was then Director of Communications. No source we checked gives her first or last day as director.
AppointmentAug 1995 · appointed by the president · after Mark Gearan left
DepartureJul 1997
Previously Assistant to the President for Speechwriting. Press Secretary Mike McCurry said on August 14, 1995 that Clinton had named him that day Assistant to the President and Director of Communications, succeeding Mark Gearan. McCurry said on August 1, 1997 that it was the first day at the White House without Don Baer, the President's Assistant for Communications Policy. The Congressional Directory of June 4, 1997 lists him as Assistant to the President and Coordinator of Strategic Planning and Communications. No source we checked gives his first or last day or a reason for leaving.
AppointmentJun 1993 · appointed by the president · after George Stephanopoulos left
Moved to another postAug 1995 · Clinton nominated him on June 21, 1995 to be Director of the Peace Corps. The Senate confirmed him in the week before August 14, 1995, Press Secretary Mike McCurry said.
Previously Deputy Chief of Staff. David Gergen announced at the White House on June 7, 1993 that Gearan would become Communications Director. The Clinton Library says he was White House Director of Communications from June 1993 to August 1995. In June 1995 the White House called him Assistant to the President and Director of Communications and Strategic Planning.
Moved to another postJun 1993 · Chief of Staff Mack McLarty said on June 7, 1993 that he had announced the appointment of Stephanopoulos as Senior Policy Advisor during the Memorial Day weekend.
The Clinton Library says he gave the daily press briefings at the start of the administration and became White House Communications Director in 1993, then Senior Advisor to the President for Policy and Strategy. The Christian Science Monitor listed him on January 28, 1993 as Assistant to the President for Communications. It reported on June 8, 1993 that Mark Gearan would succeed him as communications director. No source we checked gives his first or last day as communications director.
AppointmentOct 2, 2000 · appointed by the president · after Joe Lockhart left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Previously deputy press secretary. The Public Papers call him Press Secretary-designate on September 29, 2000 and list his first briefing as Press Secretary on October 2, 2000. The White House archive has a briefing by him dated January 18, 2001.
AppointmentOct 5, 1998 · appointed by the president · after Mike McCurry left
DepartureSep 29, 2000
Previously deputy spokesman, CBS News reported. Clinton said on July 23, 1998 that Lockhart had accepted his offer to be Assistant to the President and Press Secretary. McCurry said on October 1, 1998 that the change would occur on Monday. Lockhart's first briefing as press secretary in the White House archive is dated October 5, 1998. His last briefing was on September 29, 2000. No source we checked gives a reason for leaving.
AppointmentJan 1995 · appointed by the president · after Dee Dee Myers left
DepartureOct 1, 1998
Previously the State Department spokesman. Clinton announced him as Assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary on January 5, 1995. Clinton said on July 23, 1998 that McCurry would leave in the fall and had told him at the beginning of the summer that he would plan an orderly transition. McCurry called his briefing of October 1, 1998 his last day and said the change to Lockhart would occur on Monday. No source we checked gives his first day or a reason for leaving.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · appointed by the president · from the start of the term
DepartureDec 22, 1994
The first woman to hold the post, a reporter said at her final briefing. She called the briefing of December 22, 1994 her final briefing and said it was her last day. The earliest briefing by her in the White House archive is dated January 27, 1993. No source we checked gives her first day or a reason for leaving.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · appointed by the president · from the start of the term
DepartureMar 14, 1997 · Clinton nominated him to be Director of Central Intelligence. He later withdrew from that nomination, the National Security Council history says.
The National Security Council history gives his dates as January 20, 1993 to March 14, 1997.
AppointmentJul 31, 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 31, 1998
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The Senate confirmed him with other nominations by unanimous consent with no roll call. His White House biography says he was confirmed as Director on July 31, 1998. The White House published a briefing by OMB Director Jack Lew on January 16, 2001. The OMB list of former directors ends his term on January 19, 2001.
AppointmentMay 21, 1998 · acting · after Franklin Raines left
Permanent appointmentJul 31, 1998 · Confirmed by the Senate as director on July 31, 1998.
Deputy Director of OMB since August 1995. The White House announced on May 13, 1998 that Clinton intended to nominate him. His White House biography says he was Acting Director of OMB from May 1998. A White House briefing of May 26, 1998 calls him Acting Director. The OMB list of former directors starts his term on May 21, 1998, the day it ends Raines's term.
Franklin RainesSep 13, 1996 — May 21, 1998Senate-confirmed
AppointmentSep 13, 1996 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Sep 6, 1996 · after Jack Lew left
ResignationMay 21, 1998 · He was returning to the private sector as chairman and chief executive of Fannie Mae, Government Executive's Route Fifty reported on April 20, 1998.
Previously vice chairman of Fannie Mae. The Senate confirmed him on September 6, 1996, the Congressional Record Daily Digest shows, and the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee lists it as a voice vote. The OMB list of former directors gives his dates as September 13, 1996 to May 21, 1998. Route Fifty reported on April 20, 1998 that he would leave OMB on May 20.
AppointmentApr 1996 · acting · after Alice Rivlin left
HandoverSep 13, 1996 · Franklin Raines took office as director.
Deputy Director of OMB since August 1995. White House press releases of July 16, 1996, July 29, 1996 and September 9, 1996 call him Acting Director of OMB. The OMB list of former directors ends Rivlin's term on April 26, 1996 and starts Raines's on September 13, 1996. No source we checked gives his first day as acting director.
Alice RivlinOct 17, 1994 — Apr 26, 1996Senate-confirmed
AppointmentOct 17, 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 6, 1994
Moved to another postApr 26, 1996 · Clinton nominated her to be Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. The nomination went to the Senate on March 15, 1996 and the Senate confirmed her on June 20, 1996, the Public Papers and the Congressional Record show.
Clinton said on June 27, 1994 that he would nominate her. The Senate confirmed her with other nominations by unanimous consent with no roll call, the Congressional Record dated October 6, 1994 shows. That session ran until 12:15 a.m. on October 7, 1994, and the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee lists the confirmation under October 7, 1994. The OMB list of former directors gives her dates as October 17, 1994 to April 26, 1996.
AppointmentJul 1994 · acting · after Leon Panetta left
Permanent appointmentOct 17, 1994 · Confirmed by the Senate as director.
Deputy Director of OMB. Robert Rubin said at a White House briefing on July 12, 1994 that it marked the beginning of her tenure as Acting OMB Director. No source we checked gives her first day as acting director.
Leon PanettaJan 21, 1993 — Jul 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 21, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Moved to another postJul 1994 · Clinton named him White House Chief of Staff on June 27, 1994.
Clinton sent the nomination to the Senate on January 20, 1993. The Senate confirmed him on January 21, 1993 with other nominations by unanimous consent with no roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The OMB list of former directors starts his term on January 21, 1993. Robert Rubin said on July 12, 1994 that it was Panetta's last official presentation as OMB Director. The OMB list ends his term in October 1994.
Clinton created the National Economic Council by an executive order of January 25, 1993.
Details
AppointmentDec 1996 · appointed by the president · after Laura Tyson left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Deputy director of the council from 1993 to 1996. The White House says Clinton named him Director of the National Economic Council in December 1996. The White House archive has a briefing by him dated January 10, 2001.
AppointmentFeb 1995 · appointed by the president · after Robert Rubin left
DepartureDec 1996
Previously Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers. The Clinton Library says she became Director of the National Economic Council in February 1995 and served until December 1996. The White House called her National Economic Adviser. No source we checked gives her first or last day or a reason for leaving.
AppointmentJan 25, 1993 · appointed by the president
Moved to another postJan 1995 · The Senate confirmed him as Secretary of the Treasury on January 10, 1995 by 99-0.
The Treasury says Clinton first appointed him Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and the first director of the National Economic Council, from 1993 to 1995. The council was created on January 25, 1993. No source we checked gives his last day.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · elected in November 2024 · from the start of the term
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The Congressional Record of January 20, 1993 records that Justice Byron White gave the oath of office to Vice President Albert Gore Jr. The Record of January 21, 1997 records that Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg gave him the oath again at the inauguration of January 20, 1997.
Al Gore, 1994 · Unknown photographerUnknown photographer · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Secretary of State
Madeleine AlbrightSenate-confirmed
Jan 23, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jan 22, 1997
Details
AppointmentJan 23, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 22, 1997 · after Warren Christopher left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Ambassador to the United Nations before she took the post. The Office of the Historian gives January 23, 1997 as her entry on duty and January 19, 2001 as the end of her appointment. The volume of the Public Papers that ends on January 20, 2001 lists her as Secretary of State.
Madeleine Albright, 1997 · United States Department of State · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Warren ChristopherJan 20, 1993 — Jan 17, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 20, 1993 · after Frank Wisner left
ResignationJan 17, 1997 · President Clinton said on November 7, 1996 that he had accepted Christopher's decision to step down.
Confirmed on Inauguration Day without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Office of the Historian gives January 20, 1993 as his entry on duty and January 17, 1997 as the end of his appointment.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverJan 20, 1993 · Warren Christopher took office.
The State Department's Office of the Historian lists him as Secretary of State ad interim on January 20, 1993 only. He had been Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs until January 19, 1993.
Feb 23, 1994 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Feb 22, 1994
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AppointmentFeb 23, 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 22, 1994 · after Clifton Wharton left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Ambassador at Large and special adviser to the Secretary on the new independent states before he took the post, the Historian says. The Office of the Historian gives February 23, 1994 as his entry on duty and January 19, 2001 as the end of his appointment.
Clifton WhartonJan 27, 1993 — Nov 8, 1993Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 27, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 26, 1993
ResignationNov 8, 1993 · He said in a written statement that he had been subjected to sustained anonymous leaks to the media and chose to resign rather than let his effectiveness be further eroded, the Los Angeles Times reported on November 9, 1993.
Confirmed by unanimous consent without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Office of the Historian gives January 27, 1993 as his entry on duty and November 8, 1993 as the end of his appointment. President Clinton accepted his resignation on November 8, 1993.
Lawrence Summers, 1998 · US Department of the Treasury · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Robert RubinJan 10, 1995 — Jul 2, 1999Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 10, 1995 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 10, 1995 · after Frank Newman left
ResignationJul 2, 1999 · President Clinton said on May 12, 1999 that Rubin had wanted to return to private life for a long time and had told him two weeks earlier that he was ready to go.
The first chair of the National Economic Council before he took the post, President Clinton said. The Treasury lists his service from January 10, 1995 to July 2, 1999. President Clinton said on May 12, 1999 that he would nominate Deputy Secretary Lawrence Summers to succeed him.
AppointmentDec 22, 1994 · acting · after Lloyd Bentsen left
HandoverJan 10, 1995 · Robert Rubin took office.
President Clinton said on December 6, 1994 that Newman, who had joined the Treasury as Under Secretary for Domestic Finance, would be acting secretary until Rubin was confirmed. The Public Papers list him as acting secretary from December 22, 1994.
Lloyd BentsenJan 22, 1993 — Dec 22, 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 20, 1993
ResignationDec 22, 1994 · President Clinton said on December 6, 1994, accepting his resignation, that Bentsen was going home to Texas and the private sector and wanted to spend more time with his family.
Senator from Texas before he took the post. Confirmed on Inauguration Day without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Treasury lists his service from January 22, 1993 to December 22, 1994.
Jan 24, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jan 22, 1997
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AppointmentJan 24, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 22, 1997 · after William Perry left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Senator from Maine before he took the post. Sworn in on January 24, 1997 after a unanimous Senate vote, the Defense Department's Historical Office says. It dates his service to January 20, 2001.
William Cohen, 1997 · SCOTT DAVIS · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
William PerryFeb 3, 1994 — Jan 23, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentFeb 3, 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 3, 1994 · after Les Aspin left
ResignationJan 23, 1997 · He told President Clinton he wanted to leave for personal reasons, AP reported on November 7, 1996, citing officials.
Deputy Secretary of Defense before he took the post. Sworn in on February 3, 1994, the Defense Department's Historical Office says. It dates his service to January 23, 1997.
Les AspinJan 21, 1993 — Feb 3, 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 21, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 20, 1993
ResignationFeb 3, 1994 · President Clinton said on December 15, 1993 that Aspin had asked to be relieved of his duties for personal reasons.
Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee before he took the post. Confirmed on Inauguration Day without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's Historical Office dates his service from January 21, 1993 to February 3, 1994.
Mar 31, 2000 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Mar 29, 2000
Details
AppointmentMar 31, 2000 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 29, 2000 · after John Hamre left
Remained in the post after January 20, 2001. Confirmed without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's Historical Office dates his service from March 31, 2000 to March 1, 2001.
Rudy de Leon, 1997 · SCOTT DAVIS, CIV., US ARMY · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
John HamreJul 29, 1997 — Mar 31, 2000Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJul 29, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 24, 1997 · after John White left
ResignationMar 31, 2000 · President Clinton said on January 10, 2000 that Hamre had announced he would step down at the end of March to become president and chief executive of the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Confirmed without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's Historical Office dates his service from July 29, 1997 to March 31, 2000.
John WhiteJun 22, 1995 — Jul 15, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJun 22, 1995 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jun 21, 1995 · after John Deutch left
ResignationJul 15, 1997 · He wrote to Secretary Cohen that the time had come for him to move on to new challenges, Government Executive reported on May 1, 1997.
Confirmed without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's Historical Office dates his service from June 22, 1995 to July 15, 1997. The nomination of John Hamre names him as having resigned.
John DeutchMar 11, 1994 — May 10, 1995Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMar 11, 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 10, 1994 · after William Perry left
Moved to another postMay 10, 1995 · The Senate confirmed him as Director of Central Intelligence on May 9, 1995 by a vote of 98-0, President Clinton said.
Confirmed without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's Historical Office dates his service from March 11, 1994 to May 10, 1995.
William PerryMar 5, 1993 — Feb 3, 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMar 5, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 5, 1993
Moved to another postFeb 3, 1994 · He became Secretary of Defense on February 3, 1994, the Defense Department's Historical Office says.
Confirmed by unanimous consent without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Historical Office dates his service as deputy from March 5, 1993 to February 3, 1994.
Mar 12, 1993 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Mar 11, 1993
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AppointmentMar 12, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 11, 1993 · after Stuart Gerson left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
State attorney in Miami before she took the post. The Justice Department says President Clinton appointed her on March 12, 1993 and that she served until January 2001. President Clinton spoke at her swearing-in on March 12, 1993.
Janet Reno, 1993 · State Library and Archives of Florida · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Stuart GersonJan 20, 1993 — Mar 12, 1993acting
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverMar 12, 1993 · Janet Reno took office.
President Clinton thanked him on March 12, 1993 for serving as acting attorney general since the inauguration. The Supreme Court's reports say he had been acting attorney general since January 16, 1993, under President Bush. President Clinton withdrew the nomination of Zoe Baird on January 26, 1993, the Congressional Record shows.
Jan 22, 1993 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jan 21, 1993
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AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987. Confirmed by unanimous consent without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Interior Department lists him as taking office on January 22, 1993. Its page gives January 2, 2001 as his termination, but President Clinton thanked Secretary Babbitt at a White House event on January 17, 2001.
Mar 30, 1995 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Mar 30, 1995
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AppointmentMar 30, 1995 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 30, 1995 · after Richard Rominger left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The Public Papers list him as secretary from March 30, 1995 and through January 20, 2001. President Clinton said on March 30, 1995 that Glickman was starting the job.
AppointmentJan 1, 1995 · acting · after Mike Espy left
HandoverMar 30, 1995 · Dan Glickman took office.
Deputy Secretary of Agriculture. President Clinton named him for that post in 1993. The Public Papers list him as acting secretary from January 1, 1995.
Mike EspyJan 22, 1993 — Dec 31, 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
ResignationDec 31, 1994 · President Clinton said on October 3, 1994 that the White House Counsel had reviewed information about Espy's actions in office. Clinton said he was troubled by the appearance of some of the incidents, although Espy had said he had done nothing wrong. Clinton accepted Espy's offer to resign effective December 31, 1994.
Congressman from Mississippi before he took the post. Confirmed with other cabinet nominees by unanimous consent, the Congressional Record shows. The House history office says he resigned from the House on January 22, 1993, having been appointed Secretary of Agriculture. Time magazine dates his swearing-in to January 22, 1993.
AppointmentJul 21, 2000 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 20, 2000 · after Robert Mallett left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
President Clinton said Mineta had served 21 years in Congress and had left it in 1995 to work for Lockheed Martin. Confirmed without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. Acting Secretary Robert Mallett swore him in at a private ceremony on July 21, 2000, Government Computer News reported. The Commerce Department says he became secretary on July 21, 2000 and served until January 19, 2001.
Norman Mineta, 2001 · Unknown authorUnknown author · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Robert MallettJul 2000 — Jul 21, 2000acting
AppointmentJul 2000 · acting · after William Daley left
HandoverJul 21, 2000 · Norman Mineta took office.
Deputy Secretary of Commerce, the Congressional Directory of 2000 lists. A Patent and Trademark Office release of July 17, 2000 names him Acting Secretary of Commerce. He swore in Mineta at a private ceremony on July 21, 2000, Government Computer News reported. No source we checked gives the day his acting service began.
William DaleyJan 30, 1997 — Jul 2000Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 30, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 30, 1997 · after Mickey Kantor left
ResignationJul 2000 · President Clinton said on June 23, 2000 that Daley was leaving the Cabinet to lead Vice President Gore's campaign.
Vice President Gore swore him in on January 30, 1997, the day of the Senate vote, AP reported. The Commerce Department lists his service from January 30, 1997 to July 19, 2000. The Public Papers record that President Clinton spoke with him about his resignation on June 15, 2000. Government Executive reported on June 16, 2000 that he would leave on July 15, 2000. A Patent and Trademark Office release of July 17, 2000 names Robert Mallett Acting Secretary of Commerce.
Mickey KantorApr 12, 1996 — Jan 21, 1997recess appointment
AppointmentApr 12, 1996 · recess appointment by the president · after Mary Good left
ResignationJan 21, 1997 · President Clinton said on December 13, 1996 that he understood Kantor's desire to return to private life after four grueling years.
U.S. Trade Representative before he took the post. He received a recess appointment and was sworn in on April 12, 1996, the Public Papers record. President Clinton sent his nomination to the Senate on May 3, 1996. The Congressional Research Service says the committee never reported it and it was returned to the president on October 4, 1996. AP reported on November 7, 1996 that he had told President Clinton he intended to resign to return to California. The Commerce Department lists his service from April 12, 1996 to January 21, 1997.
AppointmentApr 5, 1996 · acting · after Ron Brown left
HandoverApr 12, 1996 · Mickey Kantor took office.
Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology. President Clinton directed her on April 5, 1996 to perform the duties of Secretary of Commerce until he appointed a secretary.
Ron BrownJan 22, 1993 — Apr 3, 1996Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
DepartureApr 3, 1996 · He died in a plane crash on a trade mission to Croatia and Bosnia on April 3, 1996, the Commerce Department says.
Chairman of the Democratic National Committee before he took the post. Confirmed without a roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The Commerce Department lists his service from January 22, 1993 to April 3, 1996 and says he was the first African American to serve as secretary.
May 1, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Apr 30, 1997
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AppointmentMay 1, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Apr 30, 1997 · after Cynthia Metzler left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Previously director of the White House Office of Public Liaison. The Labor Department lists her tenure as May 1, 1997 to January 20, 2001. The Senate roll call confirming her is dated April 30, 1997. The Congressional Directory gives May 2, 1997 for her confirmation.
Alexis Herman, 1998 · US Department of Labor · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Cynthia MetzlerJan 1997 — May 1, 1997acting
AppointmentJan 1997 · acting · after Robert Reich left
HandoverMay 1, 1997 · Alexis Herman took office as Secretary of Labor on May 1, 1997.
President Clinton said on May 5, 1997 that she assumed the role of Acting Secretary of Labor in January. Labor Department notices signed from February 6, 1997 to March 28, 1997 give her title as Acting Secretary of Labor.
Robert ReichJan 22, 1993 — Jan 10, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
ResignationJan 10, 1997 · The Harvard Crimson reported on November 12, 1996 that he had announced the week before that he would leave the Cabinet. He told the paper that his family was the main reason for his move back to Cambridge: "I love my job but I love my family more. My boys are 12 and 15 years old and I want to spend more time with them."
The Labor Department lists his tenure as January 22, 1993 to January 10, 1997. The Congressional Directory says the Senate confirmed him on January 21, 1993. The Associated Press reported that the Senate approved him by voice vote that day.
Jan 22, 1993 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jan 21, 1993
Details
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The Congressional Directory says President Clinton nominated her on January 20, 1993, the Senate confirmed her on January 21, 1993 and she was sworn in on January 22, 1993. The Associated Press reported that the Senate approved her by voice vote.
Donna Shalala, 2000 · US Government · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Andrew CuomoSenate-confirmed
Jan 29, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jan 29, 1997
Details
AppointmentJan 29, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 29, 1997 · after Henry Cisneros left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Previously HUD Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development. HUD lists his tenure as January 29, 1997 to January 20, 2001. The Congressional Directory says he was confirmed and sworn in on January 29, 1997.
Andrew Cuomo, 1998 · U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Henry CisnerosJan 22, 1993 — Jan 19, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
ResignationJan 19, 1997 · He resigned on November 21, 1996 and wrote to President Clinton that he could not ask to be considered for service in the next four years. He had said for weeks that financial pressures were squeezing him, with two children in college and legal bills from an independent counsel's investigation, the Los Angeles Times reported.
HUD lists his tenure as January 22, 1993 to January 19, 1997. The Congressional Directory says the Senate unanimously confirmed him on January 21, 1993 and that Chief Justice William Rehnquist swore him in on January 22, 1993.
Federico PeñaJan 21, 1993 — Feb 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 21, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Moved to another postFeb 1997 · He became Secretary of Energy. The Senate confirmed him on March 12, 1997 and he was sworn in that day, the Energy Department says.
Former Mayor of Denver. The Congressional Directory says he was confirmed and sworn in as the 12th Secretary of Transportation on January 21, 1993. A Transportation Department rule issued on February 3, 1997 is signed by him as Secretary of Transportation.
Aug 18, 1998 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jul 31, 1998
Details
AppointmentAug 18, 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 31, 1998 · after Elizabeth Moler left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Previously U.S. ambassador to the UN. The Energy Department says the Senate unanimously confirmed him on July 31, 1998 and that he was sworn in on August 18, 1998, briefly serving in two cabinet posts. The Congressional Directory gives July 31, 1998 for both.
Federico PeñaMar 12, 1997 — Jun 30, 1998Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMar 12, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 12, 1997 · after Charles Curtis left
ResignationJun 30, 1998 · He announced on April 6, 1998 that he would leave on June 30, 1998 for personal and family reasons, the American Institute of Physics reported.
Previously Secretary of Transportation. The Energy Department lists his term of office as March 12, 1997 to June 30, 1998 and says he was sworn in on March 12, 1997.
AppointmentFeb 1997 · acting · after Hazel O'Leary left
HandoverMar 12, 1997 · Federico Peña was sworn in as Secretary of Energy on March 12, 1997.
Deputy Secretary of Energy. The American Institute of Physics reported that he testified to a House subcommittee on February 11, 1997 as Acting Energy Secretary. He signed a letter to Congress on February 26, 1997 as Acting Secretary. A Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board letter of March 3, 1997, printed in the Federal Register, is addressed to him as Acting Secretary of Energy.
Hazel O'LearyJan 22, 1993 — Jan 20, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
ResignationJan 20, 1997 · She submitted her resignation to President Clinton in November 1996. She had always said she intended to serve only four years, the Associated Press reported.
The Energy Department lists her term of office as January 22, 1993 to January 20, 1997 and says she was sworn in on January 22, 1993. The Associated Press reported that the Senate approved her by voice vote on January 21, 1993.
Jan 22, 1993 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jan 21, 1993
Details
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Former Governor of South Carolina. The Congressional Directory says President Clinton nominated him on January 20, 1993, the Senate confirmed him on January 21, 1993 and he was sworn in on January 22, 1993. The Associated Press reported that the Senate approved him by voice vote.
AppointmentJul 2000 · acting · after Togo West left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The White House said on July 10, 2000 that President Clinton would designate him acting secretary upon West's departure. Veterans Affairs notices signed from August 2, 2000 to January 5, 2001 give his title as Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs. A Senate table of cabinet nominations says he was named acting secretary on July 25, 2000.
AppointmentMay 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Apr 28, 1998
ResignationJul 2000 · President Clinton said on July 10, 2000 that he had accepted West's decision to step down as Secretary of Veterans Affairs by the end of the month.
The Congressional Record lists his confirmation on April 28, 1998 without a recorded vote. Veterans Affairs notices signed from May 11, 1998 give his title as Secretary.
AppointmentJan 2, 1998 · acting · after Hershel Gober left
Permanent appointmentMay 1998 · Became Secretary of Veterans Affairs after Senate confirmation.
Secretary of the Army at the time. The White House announced on December 2, 1997 that his appointment as Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs would be effective January 2, 1998. Veterans Affairs notices signed from January 29, 1998 to May 5, 1998 give his title as Acting Secretary.
AppointmentJul 1, 1997 · acting · after Jesse Brown left
HandoverJan 2, 1998 · Togo West became Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs on January 2, 1998, the White House said.
Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The White House said he became acting secretary upon Jesse Brown's resignation on July 1, 1997. President Clinton nominated him as secretary on July 31, 1997 and withdrew the nomination on October 27, 1997, the Congressional Record shows.
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
ResignationJul 1, 1997 · His resignation took effect on July 1, 1997, the White House said.
Previously executive director of the Washington office of Disabled American Veterans. The Congressional Directory says the Senate confirmed him on January 21, 1993 and that he was sworn in on January 22, 1993.
Jan 22, 1993 — Jan 19, 2001Senate vote Jan 21, 1993
Environmental Protection Agency.
Details
AppointmentJan 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Term endedJan 19, 2001 · The EPA chronology ends her tenure on January 19, 2001. The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The EPA chronology gives her tenure as January 22, 1993 to January 19, 2001 and lists an acting administrator from January 20, 2001. The Associated Press reported that the Senate confirmed her on January 21, 1993. There was no recorded vote.
The Director of Central Intelligence headed the CIA and the whole intelligence community. The title became Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in 2005, a CIA history shows.
Details
AppointmentJul 11, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 10, 1997
A CIA history says he was sworn in on July 11, 1997 and gives his tenure as July 11, 1997 to July 11, 2004. The Congressional Record lists his confirmation on July 10, 1997 without a recorded vote. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
John DeutchMay 10, 1995 — Dec 15, 1996Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMay 10, 1995 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 9, 1995 · after William Studeman left
ResignationDec 15, 1996 · He told The Boston Globe: "After being in Washington for four years, you're eager to be a private citizen," MIT News reported. He planned to return to MIT as a professor.
Previously Deputy Secretary of Defense. A CIA history gives his tenure as May 10, 1995 to December 15, 1996 and says he resigned after President Clinton's re-election.
James WoolseyFeb 5, 1993 — Jan 10, 1995Senate-confirmed
AppointmentFeb 5, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 3, 1993 · after William Studeman left
ResignationJan 10, 1995 · A CIA history says his standing in the administration had fallen to the point where he decided at the end of 1994 to resign.
A CIA history gives his tenure as February 5, 1993 to January 10, 1995. An archived CIA list of directors says the Senate confirmed him on February 3, 1993 and he was sworn in on February 5, 1993. The Intelligence Committee approved him by 15-0 that morning. There was no recorded vote in the full Senate.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverFeb 5, 1993 · James Woolsey became Director of Central Intelligence on February 5, 1993.
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence. A CIA history lists him as acting director from January 20, 1993 to February 5, 1993. It ends the tenure of his predecessor, Robert Gates, on January 20, 1993.
AppointmentMar 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 5, 1997
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Before the confirmation vote the Senate passed by 98-2 a joint resolution waiving a provision of the Trade Act of 1974 on the appointment of the Trade Representative. The resolution allowed the President to appoint her. The House passed it on March 11, 1997 and it became law on March 17, 1997. A notice filed on March 14, 1997 is still signed by her as Acting United States Trade Representative.
Charlene Barshefsky, 1997 · U.S. Trade Representative · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Charlene BarshefskyApr 12, 1996 — Mar 1997acting
AppointmentApr 12, 1996 · acting · after Mickey Kantor left
Permanent appointmentMar 1997 · Became Trade Representative after Senate confirmation.
Deputy Trade Representative. The Associated Press reported that President Clinton named her acting trade representative on April 12, 1996. A Senate table of cabinet nominations gives the same day. Trade Representative notices signed from May 1996 give her title as Acting United States Trade Representative.
AppointmentJan 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 21, 1993
Moved to another postApr 12, 1996 · President Clinton named him Secretary of Commerce on April 12, 1996 and named his deputy acting trade representative, the Associated Press reported.
Chairman of the 1992 Clinton campaign. The Associated Press reported that the Senate confirmed him on January 21, 1993. There was no recorded vote. The State Department records his entry on duty on January 22, 1993. Kantor said in a White House briefing on November 30, 1993 that he was sworn in on January 21, 1993.
Aug 25, 1999 — Jan 19, 2001Senate vote Aug 5, 1999
Details
AppointmentAug 25, 1999 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Aug 5, 1999 · after Peter Burleigh left
Term endedJan 19, 2001 · The State Department records the end of his mission on January 19, 2001. The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The Associated Press reported that he was sworn in on August 25, 1999 in his office in New York. The State Department records his appointment on August 10, 1999, the presentation of his credentials at the UN on September 7, 1999 and the end of his mission on January 19, 2001. The Congressional Record lists his confirmation by 81-16.
AppointmentSep 1998 · acting · after Bill Richardson left
HandoverAug 25, 1999 · Richard Holbrooke was sworn in as ambassador to the UN on August 25, 1999, the Associated Press reported.
Deputy U.S. ambassador to the UN. His State Department biography says he was in charge of the U.S. Mission to the UN from September 1998 to August 1999. The U.S. Information Agency called him head of the U.S. Mission to the UN on September 21, 1998 and the acting U.S. representative to the UN on November 5, 1998 and January 21, 1999.
Bill RichardsonFeb 13, 1997 — Sep 10, 1998Senate-confirmed
AppointmentFeb 13, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 11, 1997 · after Madeleine Albright left
Moved to another postSep 10, 1998 · He became Secretary of Energy on August 18, 1998 and briefly served in two cabinet posts, the Energy Department says.
Previously a member of the House of Representatives from New Mexico. The State Department records his appointment on February 13, 1997, the presentation of his credentials at the UN on February 18, 1997 and the end of his mission on September 10, 1998.
Madeleine AlbrightJan 27, 1993 — Jan 21, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 27, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jan 26, 1993 · after Edward Perkins left
Moved to another postJan 21, 1997 · She became Secretary of State. The State Department records her appointment on January 17, 1997 and her entry on duty on January 23, 1997.
The State Department records her appointment and the presentation of her credentials at the UN on January 27, 1993 and the end of her mission on January 21, 1997. A Senate table of cabinet nominations lists her confirmation on January 26, 1993 by unanimous consent.
Mar 7, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Feb 13, 1997
Small Business Administration.
Details
AppointmentMar 7, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 13, 1997 · after Ginger Lew left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
The SBA list of administrators gives her tenure as March 7, 1997 to January 20, 2001. The Congressional Record lists her confirmation on February 13, 1997 without a recorded vote.
Philip LaderOct 8, 1994 — Feb 11, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentOct 8, 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 8, 1994 · after Erskine Bowles left
DepartureFeb 11, 1997
The SBA list of administrators gives his tenure as October 8, 1994 to February 11, 1997. The Congressional Record lists his confirmation on October 8, 1994 without a recorded vote. The State Department records his appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom on August 1, 1997.
Erskine BowlesMay 12, 1993 — Oct 6, 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMay 12, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 7, 1993
Moved to another postOct 6, 1994 · President Clinton named him Deputy Chief of Staff for White House Operations on September 23, 1994, the White House said.
The SBA list of administrators gives his tenure as May 12, 1993 to October 6, 1994. President Clinton attended his oath of office in the Rose Garden on May 12, 1993. The Congressional Record index lists his nomination as confirmed en bloc on May 7, 1993.
AppointmentSep 1, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Aug 6, 1993 · after Floyd Clarke left
Confirmed by the Senate on August 6, 1993 and sworn in on September 1, 1993, the FBI says. The Congressional Record lists the confirmation that day without a roll call. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentJul 19, 1993 · acting · after William Sessions left
HandoverSep 1, 1993 · Louis Freeh was sworn in as director.
The FBI says he assumed the duties of acting director on July 19, 1993 and served until September 1, 1993. President Clinton said on July 19, 1993 that he and Attorney General Janet Reno had asked him to serve as acting director.
William SessionsJan 20, 1993 — Jul 19, 1993Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
DismissalJul 19, 1993 · President Clinton dismissed Sessions on July 19, 1993 after Sessions refused to resign. Clinton said Attorney General Janet Reno had reported to him that Sessions could no longer effectively lead the bureau.
Holdover. A former federal district judge, sworn in as director on November 2, 1987, the FBI says. Reno met Sessions over the weekend before his dismissal and asked him to resign, Clinton said.
Jun 19, 2000 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote May 24, 2000
Details
AppointmentJun 19, 2000 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 24, 2000
President Clinton nominated him on February 9, 2000, the DEA says. Confirmed without a roll call on May 24, 2000, the Congressional Record shows. Sworn in on June 19, 2000, the first DEA special agent to be named administrator, the DEA says. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
Thomas ConstantineApr 15, 1994 — Jul 2, 1999Senate-confirmed
AppointmentApr 15, 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 10, 1994 · after Stephen Greene left
ResignationJul 2, 1999 · Constantine retired on July 2, 1999, the DEA says.
Superintendent of the New York State Police before. Confirmed without a roll call on March 10, 1994, the Congressional Record shows. The DEA says President Clinton appointed him on March 11, 1994 and dates his service from April 15, 1994.
AppointmentNov 1993 · acting · after Robert Bonner left
HandoverApr 15, 1994 · Thomas Constantine took office.
President George H. W. Bush had nominated him as deputy administrator in 1992. Attorney General Janet Reno thanked him as acting administrator on January 13, 1994, a Justice Department transcript shows. The day he took over is not on record.
Robert BonnerJan 20, 1993 — Oct 31, 1993Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
DepartureOct 31, 1993
Holdover. Nominated by President George H. W. Bush, confirmed on July 27, 1990 and sworn in on August 13, 1990, the DEA says. The DEA dates his service to October 31, 1993.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, then part of the Treasury.
Details
AppointmentDec 20, 1999 · appointed by the president · after John Magaw left
ATF deputy director for four years before. Appointed director on December 20, 1999, his ATF biography says. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentSep 30, 1993 · appointed by the president · after Stephen Higgins left
ResignationDec 1999 · Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers wished Magaw well on his retirement from ATF in a statement on October 28, 1999. GCN reported on December 10, 1999 that Magaw had submitted his resignation the month before. ATF's chief information officer told GCN that December 31, 1999 would be his last day.
Director of the Secret Service. Bentsen named him acting head of ATF on September 30, 1993, Cox News Service reported. His Treasury biography says the Treasury Secretary reassigned him as director of ATF that day. The Congressional Record lists him as acting director of ATF at a House hearing on October 22, 1993. ATF lists him as director from 1994 to 1999.
Stephen HigginsJan 20, 1993 — Sep 30, 1993appointed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · appointed by the president · from the start of the term
DepartureSep 30, 1993 · Higgins had announced that he planned to retire on October 30, 1993 after 11 years. On September 30, 1993 Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen named John Magaw to replace him at once, after a Treasury report on the February raid near Waco, Cox News Service reported.
Holdover. ATF lists him as director from 1983 to 1993.
Nov 17, 1999 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Nov 10, 1999
Details
AppointmentNov 17, 1999 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Nov 10, 1999 · after George Havens left
U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia since 1994. President Clinton announced on August 5, 1999 that he would nominate him, the White House said. Confirmed without a roll call on November 10, 1999, the Congressional Record shows. The Marshals Service lists him as director from November 17, 1999. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentJun 21, 1999 · acting · after Eduardo Gonzalez left
HandoverNov 17, 1999 · John W. Marshall took office.
Known as Ray Havens. Deputy director since February 25, 1994. Attorney General Janet Reno announced his appointment as acting director on June 22, 1999, the Justice Department said. The Marshals Service dates him from June 21, 1999.
Henry HudsonJan 20, 1993 — Oct 17, 1993Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
DepartureOct 17, 1993
Holdover. The Marshals Service lists him as acting director from February 24, 1992 and director from August 12, 1992. It dates the next head, John Twomey, from October 17, 1993.
AppointmentJul 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 17, 1997 · after Jamie Gorelick left
Moved to another postJan 20, 2001 · He became acting attorney general effective January 20, 2001, the Supreme Court's reports say.
U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia from 1993, the Justice Department says. Confirmed 100 to 0 on July 17, 1997. The Justice Department says he served from July 1997 to January 2001, the first African American in the post. He became acting attorney general effective January 20, 2001 and resigned effective February 1, 2001, the Supreme Court's reports say.
Eric Holder, 2000 · US Department of Justice · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons
Jamie GorelickMar 1994 — Apr 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMar 1994 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Mar 22, 1994 · after Philip Heymann left
ResignationApr 1997 · Gorelick announced on January 15, 1997 that she would resign to return to private life, the Justice Department said. She said she would stay long enough to help Attorney General Janet Reno assemble a team for the second term.
General counsel of the Defense Department from mid-1993, the Justice Department says. Confirmed without a roll call on March 22, 1994, the Congressional Record shows. The Justice Department says she served from March 1994 to April 1997.
AppointmentMay 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 28, 1993
ResignationMar 1994 · Heymann resigned on January 27, 1994, citing a lack of chemistry with Attorney General Janet Reno, The Harvard Crimson reported. President Clinton accepted the resignation on January 29, 1994, effective when a successor was available.
Harvard Law School professor and a former head of the department's Criminal Division. Confirmed without a roll call on May 28, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. The Justice Department says he served from May 1993 to March 1994.
Nov 13, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Nov 7, 1997
Details
AppointmentNov 13, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Nov 7, 1997
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Nominated on September 9, 1997. Confirmed without a roll call on November 7, 1997, the Congressional Record shows. He was commissioned and took the oath of office on November 13, 1997, the Supreme Court's reports say. They say he resigned effective January 20, 2001.
AppointmentJul 1, 1996 · acting · after Drew Days left
ResignationAug 31, 1997 · Dellinger resigned as acting solicitor general effective August 31, 1997, the Supreme Court's reports say.
An assistant attorney general, confirmed to that post 65-34 on October 13, 1993. The Supreme Court's reports say he became acting solicitor general on July 1, 1996.
Drew DaysMay 28, 1993 — Jun 30, 1996Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMay 28, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 28, 1993 · after William Bryson left
ResignationJun 30, 1996 · Days resigned effective June 30, 1996, the Supreme Court's reports say.
Nominated by President Clinton on April 7, 1993. The Supreme Court's reports say the Senate confirmed him on May 28, 1993 and that he was commissioned and took the oath of office that day. Voteview has no roll call for the confirmation.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverMay 28, 1993 · Drew Days took the oath of office.
The Supreme Court's reports say Kenneth Starr resigned as solicitor general effective January 20, 1993 and that Bryson became acting solicitor general that day.
AppointmentMar 4, 1999 · appointed by the president · after Lewis Merletti left
Assistant director for protective operations before. Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin gave him the oath of office as the 20th director on March 4, 1999, the Treasury said. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentJun 6, 1997 · appointed by the president · after Eljay Bowron left
ResignationJan 1999 · His retirement was announced on November 12, 1998, Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin said that day. The Treasury said in March 1999 that he had retired in January.
Former special agent in charge of the Presidential Protective Division. Appointed director by Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin on June 6, 1997, the Treasury said.
AppointmentDec 7, 1993 · appointed by the president · after John Magaw left
ResignationApr 1997 · President Clinton accepted Bowron's resignation on April 2, 1997. Clinton said Bowron had decided to join Ameritech. Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin spoke that day of Bowron's retirement.
Head of all the agency's protective operations before. Appointed the 18th director on December 7, 1993, his Treasury biography says. The Treasury listed him as director at a Senate hearing on April 17, 1997. The day he left is not on record.
Oct 1, 1997 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Sep 16, 1997
Details
AppointmentOct 1, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Sep 16, 1997 · after John Shalikashvili left
Army general. Confirmed without a roll call on September 16, 1997, the Congressional Record shows. Chairman from October 1, 1997 to September 30, 2001, the Defense Department's list of key officials shows. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
John ShalikashviliOct 25, 1993 — Sep 30, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentOct 25, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 5, 1993 · after David Jeremiah left
DepartureSep 30, 1997
Army general. The Senate confirmed him by unanimous consent on October 5, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. Chairman from October 25, 1993 to September 30, 1997, the Defense Department's list of key officials shows.
AppointmentOct 1, 1993 · acting · after Colin Powell left
HandoverOct 24, 1993 · John Shalikashvili became chairman.
Admiral, vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs from March 1, 1990 to February 28, 1994. Acting chairman from October 1, 1993 to October 24, 1993, the Defense Department's list of key officials shows.
Jul 2, 1998 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jun 24, 1998
Details
AppointmentJul 2, 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jun 24, 1998 · after Robert Walker left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Managing director and chief operating officer of the Corporation for National and Community Service before. Confirmed without a roll call on June 24, 1998, the Congressional Record shows. Sworn in on July 2, 1998, the Center of Military History says.
AppointmentJan 2, 1998 · acting · after Togo West left
HandoverJul 2, 1998 · Louis Caldera was sworn in as secretary.
Under secretary of the Army from November 13, 1997, the Army says, confirmed to that post without a roll call on November 8, 1997, the Congressional Record shows. Acting secretary from January 2, 1998 to July 2, 1998, the Army says.
Togo WestNov 22, 1993 — Jan 2, 1998Senate-confirmed
AppointmentNov 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Nov 19, 1993 · after Gordon Sullivan left
Moved to another postJan 2, 1998 · West was appointed acting secretary of veterans affairs on January 2, 1998. He kept the title of secretary of the Army until the Senate confirmed him as secretary of veterans affairs, the Army's Center of Military History says. The Senate confirmed him on April 28, 1998, the Congressional Record shows.
Northrop senior vice president from 1990 to 1993. Confirmed without a roll call on November 19, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. Sworn in as the 16th secretary of the Army on November 22, 1993, the Center of Military History says. The Defense Department's list of key officials ends his service on May 4, 1997.
AppointmentAug 27, 1993 · acting · after John Shannon left
HandoverNov 21, 1993 · Togo West was sworn in as secretary.
Chief of staff of the Army, who held both posts at once, the Defense Department says. The Center of Military History lists him as acting secretary from August 27, 1993, the Defense Department's list of key officials from August 28, 1993.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverAug 26, 1993 · Gordon Sullivan became acting secretary.
Under secretary of the Army from August 14, 1989 to November 23, 1993, the Army says. The Army's Center of Military History lists him as acting secretary from January 20, 1993 to August 26, 1993.
Nov 16, 1998 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Sep 25, 1998
Details
AppointmentNov 16, 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Sep 25, 1998 · after John Dalton left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Under secretary of the Navy from 1993 to 1997. Confirmed without a roll call on September 25, 1998, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's list of key officials dates his service from November 16, 1998.
John DaltonJul 22, 1993 — Nov 16, 1998Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJul 22, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 21, 1993 · after Frank Kelso left
DepartureNov 16, 1998
Member of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board from 1979 to 1981. Confirmed without a roll call on July 21, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's list of key officials dates his service from July 22, 1993 to November 16, 1998.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverJul 22, 1993 · John Dalton took office.
Admiral, chief of naval operations. He also served as acting secretary in 1993 after Sean O'Keefe left the post when President George H. W. Bush's term ended on January 20, 1993, the Naval History and Heritage Command says.
Aug 2, 1999 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jul 30, 1999
Details
AppointmentAug 2, 1999 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 30, 1999
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Confirmed without a roll call on July 30, 1999, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's list of key officials dates his service as secretary from August 2, 1999 to January 20, 2001.
AppointmentNov 1, 1997 · acting · after Sheila Widnall left
Permanent appointmentAug 1, 1999 · The Senate confirmed him as secretary.
Under secretary of the Air Force, confirmed to that post without a roll call on November 8, 1997, the Congressional Record shows. The Defense Department's list of key officials shows him as acting secretary from November 1, 1997 to August 1, 1999. Air & Space Forces Magazine says he was acting secretary until July 30, 1999.
Sheila WidnallAug 6, 1993 — Oct 31, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentAug 6, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Aug 5, 1993 · after Merrill McPeak left
DepartureOct 31, 1997
Professor at MIT from 1970 to 1981 and associate provost in 1992, the Defense Department says. Confirmed without a roll call on August 5, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. Air & Space Forces Magazine and the Defense Department's list of key officials date her service from August 6, 1993 to October 31, 1997.
AppointmentJul 14, 1993 · acting · after Michael Donley left
HandoverAug 5, 1993 · Sheila Widnall took office.
General, chief of staff of the Air Force from October 27, 1990 to October 25, 1994. Air & Space Forces Magazine lists him as acting secretary from July 14, 1993 to August 5, 1993.
Head of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, part of the Justice Department.
Details
AppointmentNov 17, 2000 · acting · after Doris Meissner left
Deputy commissioner since March 1998. The Justice Department announced that she would serve as acting commissioner from Meissner's departure on November 17, 2000. The Carnegie Endowment introduced her as acting commissioner on January 25, 2001. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
Doris MeissnerOct 18, 1993 — Nov 17, 2000Senate-confirmed
AppointmentOct 18, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 14, 1993 · after Chris Sale left
ResignationNov 17, 2000 · Meissner left the INS to return to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, USCIS says.
Acting commissioner in 1981. President Clinton announced her nomination on June 18, 1993. Confirmed without a roll call on October 14, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. Sworn in on October 18, 1993 after the Senate's unanimous confirmation, USCIS says. USCIS gives November 18, 2000 as her last day. The Justice Department said on November 17, 2000 that she was leaving that day.
HandoverOct 18, 1993 · Doris Meissner was sworn in as commissioner.
The Congressional Record lists her as acting commissioner at a House hearing on April 27, 1993 and at hearings up to September 29, 1993. The day she took over is not on record. USCIS dates the previous commissioner, Gene McNary, to January 20, 1993.
Aug 4, 1998 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Jul 31, 1998
Head of the U.S. Customs Service, part of the Treasury.
Details
AppointmentAug 4, 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 31, 1998 · after Samuel Banks left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
New York City police commissioner from 1992 to 1994 and under secretary of the Treasury for enforcement from June 27, 1996, the Treasury said. Confirmed without a roll call on July 31, 1998, the Congressional Record shows. Sworn in on August 4, 1998, the Customs Service said.
AppointmentSep 1, 1997 · acting · after George Weise left
HandoverAug 4, 1998 · Raymond Kelly was sworn in as commissioner.
Deputy commissioner. A Treasury order of September 17, 1997 designated him acting commissioner effective September 1, 1997, the Federal Register shows.
George WeiseMay 12, 1993 — Sep 1, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMay 12, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 11, 1993 · after Michael Lane left
ResignationSep 1, 1997 · Weise resigned, Government Executive reported on February 6, 1998.
Staff director of the trade subcommittee of the House Ways and Means Committee before. Confirmed without a roll call on May 11, 1993, the Congressional Record shows. Sworn in on May 12, 1993, the first commissioner of customs whose appointment needed Senate confirmation, the Treasury said. He still led the agency at a Senate hearing on April 17, 1997, the Treasury said, and signed a Customs rule as commissioner that the Treasury approved on July 1, 1997. A Treasury order made Samuel Banks acting commissioner effective September 1, 1997. The day Weise left is not on record. Government Executive dated his resignation to October 1997.
Feb 13, 1998 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Feb 10, 1998
Details
AppointmentFeb 13, 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 10, 1998 · after Audrey Manley left
CDC director before. The Senate voted 75-23 to end debate on taking up his nomination and then confirmed him 63-35. President Clinton spoke at his swearing-in on February 13, 1998, the White House said. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentJan 1995 · acting · after Joycelyn Elders left
ResignationJul 1, 1997 · She retired from the Public Health Service on July 1, 1997, Senator Bill Frist said in the Senate.
A Public Health Service rear admiral. Deputy surgeon general since February 1994 and acting surgeon general since January 1995, Frist said. HHS called her acting surgeon general in 1996.
Joycelyn EldersSep 8, 1993 — Dec 31, 1994Senate-confirmed
AppointmentSep 8, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Sep 7, 1993 · after Robert Whitney left
ResignationDec 31, 1994 · She resigned at the President's request. President Clinton asked for and received her resignation, his chief of staff Leon Panetta said on December 9, 1994. Panetta pointed to her answer on masturbation at a United Nations World AIDS Day conference, that it is part of human sexuality and perhaps should be taught. Her last day was December 31, 1994, the Surgeon General's office says.
She became Surgeon General on September 8, 1993, the Surgeon General's office says. HHS said on the day of the vote that she would be sworn in the next day.
Antonia NovelloJan 20, 1993 — Jun 30, 1993Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
DepartureJun 30, 1993
A holdover. Surgeon General since March 9, 1990, the Surgeon General's office says. She remained in the post through June 30, 1993, and then served UNICEF as its special representative for health and nutrition, the office says.
AppointmentOct 1998 · appointed by the president · after Claire Broome left
HHS Secretary Donna Shalala appointed him director in July 1998 and said he would take up the post on October 5, HHS said. CDC director since October 1998, CIDRAP reported. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentFeb 1998 · acting · after David Satcher left
HandoverOct 1998 · Jeffrey Koplan took office.
CDC deputy director. HHS called her acting director in May 1998. HHS said in July 1998 that she would continue as acting director until Koplan took office.
AppointmentNov 1993 · appointed by the president · after Walter Dowdle left
Moved to another postFeb 1998 · He became Surgeon General. He was sworn in on February 13, 1998, the Surgeon General's office says.
President of Meharry Medical College before. CDC director since November 1993, American Family Physician reported in 1998. HHS called him CDC director on November 29, 1993.
AppointmentJan 2000 · acting · after Harold Varmus left
NIH deputy director since 1993 and acting director from January 2000, NIH said. HHS called her acting director in May 2000. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
Harold VarmusNov 23, 1993 — Dec 31, 1999Senate-confirmed
AppointmentNov 23, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Nov 19, 1993 · after Ruth Kirschstein left
ResignationDec 31, 1999 · He left NIH to become president and chief executive of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the National Library of Medicine says. He had considered six years an appropriate term for an NIH director, the library says.
Confirmed with no roll call. NIH lists his service as November 23, 1993, to December 31, 1999. The National Library of Medicine says he left NIH in November 1999.
AppointmentJul 1, 1993 · acting · after Bernadine Healy left
HandoverNov 23, 1993 · Harold Varmus took office.
Director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. HHS Secretary Donna Shalala made her NIH deputy director and acting director effective July 1, 1993, HHS said.
Bernadine HealyJan 20, 1993 — Jun 30, 1993Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
ResignationJun 30, 1993 · She announced in February 1993 that she had been forced out over her role in upholding President Bush's ban on fetal tissue research and other disagreements with powerful Democrats, BioCentury reported. She stepped down on June 30, 1993, to return to the Cleveland Clinic, NIH says.
A holdover. NIH lists her as director from April 9, 1991, to June 30, 1993.
AppointmentNov 1998 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 21, 1998 · after Michael Friedman left
ResignationJan 19, 2001 · President-elect George W. Bush accepted her resignation, BioCentury reported on January 19, 2001. It said his transition team had asked her to leave the agency by the end of business on Friday. The FDA lists her service to January 19, 2001.
Confirmed with no roll call. The FDA says she began her tenure in November 1998. Vice President Gore swore her in on December 15, 1998, the White House said. The FDA list gives her service as January 17, 1999, to January 19, 2001, and says the post was vacant from January 19, 2001.
AppointmentMar 1, 1997 · acting · after David Kessler left
HandoverNov 1998 · Jane Henney took office.
FDA deputy commissioner. The FDA says he served as lead deputy commissioner while the post of commissioner was vacant, from February 28, 1997, to November 30, 1998. HHS Secretary Donna Shalala called him acting FDA commissioner in 1998. The FDA list of acting commissioners gives March 1, 1997, to January 16, 1999.
David KesslerJan 20, 1993 — Feb 28, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
ResignationFeb 28, 1997 · He announced in 1996 that he would step down, citing a desire to return to private life, the FDA says. He was then named dean of the Yale medical school, the FDA says.
A holdover. The FDA lists his service as November 8, 1990, to February 28, 1997.
HHS Secretary Tommy Thompson renamed the agency the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services on June 14, 2001, CMS says.
Details
AppointmentDec 16, 2000 · acting · after Michael Hash left
DepartureJan 19, 2001
The CMS list of the agency's heads names him as acting deputy from December 16, 2000, to January 19, 2001. HHS called him acting deputy administrator of HCFA on January 3, 2001.
AppointmentSep 30, 2000 · acting · after Nancy-Ann Min DeParle left
HandoverDec 15, 2000 · The CMS list names Robert Berenson as acting deputy from December 16, 2000.
HCFA deputy administrator. Government Executive reported in September 2000 that he would take over as acting administrator. The CMS list gives his acting service as September 30 to December 15, 2000.
Nancy-Ann Min DeParleNov 1997 — Sep 29, 2000Senate-confirmed
AppointmentNov 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Nov 8, 1997
ResignationSep 29, 2000 · She told her staff in September 2000 that she was leaving to become a fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, Government Executive reported.
Confirmed with no roll call. The CMS list gives her service as November 1997 to September 29, 2000.
AppointmentSep 1997 · acting · after Bruce Vladeck left
Permanent appointmentNov 1997 · She became administrator after the Senate confirmed her.
HHS Secretary Donna Shalala made her deputy administrator effective July 7, 1997, HHS said. The CMS list gives her acting service as September to November 1997.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · acting · from the start of the term
HandoverMay 1993 · Bruce Vladeck took office.
A holdover. The CMS list of the agency's heads gives his acting service as April 1992 to May 1993. HHS called him acting administrator in January and April 1993.
Jun 20, 2000 — Jan 20, 2001Senate vote Feb 3, 2000
Details
AppointmentJun 20, 2000 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Feb 3, 2000
President Clinton nominated him on January 4, 2000. He took the oath on June 20, 2000, for a fourth four-year term starting that day, the Federal Reserve said. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
Permanent appointmentJun 20, 1996 · The Senate confirmed him to a third term as chair.
The Federal Reserve Board elected him chairman pro tempore pending Senate confirmation of his third term as chair, effective March 3, 1996, the Federal Reserve said. It let him carry on the duties of the chair. President Clinton had said on February 22, 1996, that he would reappoint him, the Federal Reserve said. The St. Louis Fed's FRASER archive says he served as chairman pro tempore from March 3 to June 20, 1996.
Margaret Milner RichardsonMay 27, 1993 — May 31, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentMay 27, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on May 11, 1993 · after Michael Dolan left
ResignationMay 31, 1997 · She wrote to President Clinton in January 1997 that it was an appropriate time to pursue other career opportunities and to allow the selection of a successor for his full second term, Government Executive reported.
Confirmed with no roll call. The IRS lists her service as May 27, 1993, to May 31, 1997.
AppointmentJul 27, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Jul 26, 1993 · after Mary Schapiro left
Confirmed as a commissioner with no roll call. President Clinton had said he would designate him chairman once confirmed, the White House said. The SEC lists him as chairman from July 27, 1993. In a statement on December 20, 2000, about Levitt's resignation, President Clinton thanked him for almost eight years as chairman. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
Nov 3, 1997 — Jan 19, 2001Senate vote Oct 29, 1997
Details
AppointmentNov 3, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 29, 1997 · after Reed Hundt left
ResignationJan 19, 2001 · He announced on January 12, 2001, that he was resigning from the FCC effective January 19, 2001, the FCC said. He was to become a senior fellow at the Aspen Institute, the FCC said.
Confirmed as a commissioner. FCC general counsel before. President Clinton said in August 1997 that he would designate him chair once the Senate confirmed him, the White House said. The FCC lists him as chairman from November 3, 1997, to January 19, 2001.
Reed HundtNov 29, 1993 — Nov 3, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentNov 29, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · after James Quello left
ResignationNov 3, 1997 · He announced on May 27, 1997, that he would resign, citing his desire to spend more time with his family, Government Executive reported. He was to stay until the Senate confirmed a successor.
Confirmed as a commissioner with no roll call. No opened source gives the day. Vice President Gore swore him in on November 29, 1993, and President Clinton named him chairman, the FCC says. The FCC lists him as chairman to November 3, 1997.
An FCC commissioner since April 30, 1974. President Clinton designated him chair of the FCC on an interim basis on February 5, 1993, until a permanent chair was named, the White House said. The FCC lists him as chairman from February 5 to November 28, 1993.
AppointmentApr 11, 1995 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Apr 6, 1995 · after Janet Steiger left
Confirmed as a commissioner with no roll call, for a term of seven years from September 26, 1994. President Clinton had nominated him as chair, the White House said. The FTC lists him as chairman from April 11, 1995. Remained in the post after January 20, 2001.
AppointmentJan 20, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate · from the start of the term
ReplacedApr 11, 1995 · President Clinton nominated Robert Pitofsky as chair in October 1994, the White House said. She remained a commissioner until September 28, 1997, the FTC says.
A holdover. The FTC lists her as chairman from August 11, 1989, to April 11, 1995.
The Social Security Administration was part of the Department of Health and Human Services until it became an independent agency on March 31, 1995, SSA says.
Details
AppointmentSep 29, 1997 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Sep 19, 1997 · after John Callahan left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Confirmed with no roll call, for a term expiring January 19, 2001. His formal swearing-in ceremony was held at SSA headquarters in Baltimore on September 29, 1997, SSA says. The first commissioner confirmed since SSA became an independent agency, SSA says. SSA lists his service to January 20, 2001.
AppointmentMar 1, 1997 · acting · after Shirley Chater left
HandoverSep 28, 1997 · Kenneth Apfel took office.
With HHS since 1995, SSA says. President Clinton had announced in June 1995 that he would nominate him HHS assistant secretary for management and budget, the White House said. President Clinton named him acting commissioner effective March 1, 1997, SSA says. SSA lists his acting service as March 1 to September 28, 1997.
Shirley ChaterOct 8, 1993 — Feb 28, 1997Senate-confirmed
AppointmentOct 8, 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Oct 7, 1993 · after Lawrence Thompson left
ResignationFeb 28, 1997 · The Washington Post reported in November 1996 that she had resigned effective January 31, 1997, Government Executive said. SSA lists her service to February 28, 1997.
Confirmed with no roll call. SSA says the Senate confirmed her on October 7, 1993, and she became commissioner on October 8. SSA calls Kenneth Apfel the first commissioner confirmed after it became an independent agency.
AppointmentJul 19, 1993 · acting · after Louis Enoff left
HandoverOct 7, 1993 · Shirley Chater took office.
HHS Secretary Donna Shalala appointed him principal deputy commissioner on July 19, 1993, and said he would serve as acting commissioner until the President's nominee was confirmed and sworn in, HHS said. SSA lists his acting service as July 19 to October 7, 1993.
FEMA was an independent agency in these years. FEMA's own list now calls its past heads administrators.
Details
AppointmentApr 1993 · nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate on Apr 5, 1993 · after William Tidball left
Term endedJan 20, 2001 · The Clinton administration ended on January 20, 2001.
Confirmed with no roll call, the Congressional Record shows. The first FEMA director with experience as a state emergency manager, FEMA says. FEMA lists him from April 1993 to January 2001. As the outgoing head of FEMA he designated John Magaw acting director effective at noon on January 20, 2001, FEMA said.
AppointmentAug 1997 · acting · after James King left
Permanent appointmentNov 12, 1997 · She became director after the Senate confirmed her.
OPM deputy director. With the departure of King in late August 1997, she served as acting director, OPM says. OPM had said that by statute she would act as director while the post was vacant.
James KingApr 6, 1997 — Sep 1, 1997recess appointment
AppointmentApr 6, 1997 · recess appointment by the president
ResignationSep 1, 1997 · He left to take a senior position at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, OPM said.
President Clinton gave him a recess appointment as director on April 6, 1997, the White House said. His renomination of March 6, 1997, was then before the Senate. OPM lists his service as April 7, 1993, to September 1, 1997.
Surgeon General: a White House biography of February 2, 1995 calls Henry Foster the Surgeon General nominee. The Senate twice failed to end debate on the nomination, 57-43 on June 21, 1995 and 57-43 on June 22, 1995. Sources 123
Surgeon General: no opened primary source says who led the office between Audrey Manley, who retired on July 1, 1997, and David Satcher, sworn in on February 13, 1998. Sources 12
FCC: the FCC lists Alfred Sikes as chairman to January 19, 1993 and James Quello as chairman from February 5, 1993. No opened source names anyone who led the FCC from January 20, 1993 to February 4, 1993. Sources 1
OPM: the OPM list of directors names no one between Constance Berry Newman, to June 30, 1992, and James King, from April 7, 1993. President George H. W. Bush named Douglas Brook acting director effective July 1, 1992. OPM last called him acting director on January 15, 1993. No opened source says who led OPM from January 20, 1993 to April 7, 1993. Sources 123
SBA: the SBA list of administrators names no one between Patricia Saiki, to January 20, 1993, and Erskine Bowles, from May 12, 1993. No opened source says who led the SBA from January 20, 1993 to May 12, 1993. Sources 1
FDA: the FDA lists Jane Henney to January 19, 2001 and says the post of commissioner was vacant from that day until November 2002. Bernard Schwetz is on its list of acting commissioners from January 20, 2001. Sources 12
HCFA: the CMS list names Robert Berenson as acting deputy to January 19, 2001 and Michael McMullan as acting deputy from January 20, 2001. Sources 1
Senate votes were checked against Voteview's copy of the Senate roll calls and the daily digest of the Congressional Record. For 1993 that is the daily digest of the bound Record. A few rows also cite Senate pages.
FCC: the FCC lists William Kennard as chairman to January 19, 2001 and Michael Powell as chairman from January 22, 2001. No opened source names anyone who led the FCC on January 20, 2001. Sources 1
How this page is made: every line comes from an official page or a news report linked next to it. A reason for leaving is given as the source gave it, with attribution. We add no judgement of our own.
Electoral College
The president is chosen not by the national vote but by 538 electors from the states, and 270 win. Nearly every state gives all its electors to its winner, so a candidate can win the presidency while losing the popular vote.
The federal finance ministry: it collects taxes through the IRS, pays the government's bills and borrows by selling bonds. The interest on those bonds steers mortgage and loan rates.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives: the federal agency that enforces the laws on guns and explosives. Today it is part of the Justice Department.
The group of the top officers of each military service. Its chairman is the highest-ranking officer and the president's chief military adviser but commands no troops.
How a green-card holder becomes a US citizen: usually five years of residence, or three if married to a citizen, an English and civics test, and an oath.
The federal government's chief public health doctor, who warns the country about health risks. The post leads the uniformed Public Health Service corps.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: the federal agency that runs Medicare and oversees Medicaid. Until 2001 it was called the Health Care Financing Administration.
Securities and Exchange Commission: the federal regulator of the stock market. It writes the rules for companies that sell shares and for investment firms.
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